Discipline Profile
Disciplinary referral rates reflect whether a student received one or more referrals that resulted in removal from a classroom.
In the data analyses below, we examine referrals that remove a student from the classroom, such as in-school or out-of-school suspension, expulsion, or placement in a Disciplinary Alternative Education Program (DAEP)/Juvenile Justice Alternative Education Program (JJAEP).
Jump to: Source and cohort information about this data.
2024
9%
143,459 / 1,510,887
Dallas/Fort Worth
Disciplinary Referral Rate
2024
11%
161,343 / 1,445,034
Houston
Disciplinary Referral Rate
Disciplinary referrals decreased in 2021, but then increased back to pre-pandemic levels.
Disparities exist in disciplinary referrals when comparing students from low-income households compared to students from not-low-income households.
Disparities in disciplinary referrals by household income decreased in 2021, but then increased back to pre-pandemic levels.
Disciplinary Referrals Vary by Race
Disparities in referrals by race persisted up until 2021, but then decreased. Since 2022, those disparities have reached pre-pandemic levels.
Digging Deeper: Income, Gender, and Race Play a Role in Disciplinary Referrals
Disciplinary Referral Rates, 2024
About this data:
E3 Alliance relies primarily on data from the University of Texas Education Research Center (ERC). This data allows for a year-by-year understanding of disciplinary referrals based on where a student attends school. This data pertains to Pre-K through 12th grade students who were enrolled within the state of Texas at the end of a given school year.
Following are items to note:
There is a delay in data availability due to state approval within the ERC and analysis time. As such, if you choose to explore data from Central Texas, the graphs above present disciplinary referral data in the most recent available year in Texas schools.
Outcomes that reference data from 2021, 2022, or 2023 do not include San Marcos CISD, due to a data discrepancy.